Tuesday, August 16, 2011

firmware reverse engineering

For some time now I wanted to open up these magical files that are full of options and settings, making our modems, cameras and other peripherals able to work. This is my starting guide for someone that would like to have a start on firmware reverse engineering. The firmware of my choice is the firmware that is running on wireless Router Sagem F@st 1500WG/1540WG.

There are not many tools that we actually need for a start and for me there was only one not on my system, that tool is binwalk ( http://code.google.com/p/binwalk/ ). I read about binwalk first time on the blog of /dev/ttyS0 ( http://www.devttys0.com ).

So first things first, getting binwalk.tar.gz from http://binwalk.googlecode.com/files/binwalk-0.3.7.tar.gz , current version is 0.3.7 at the time of this writing and starting the compile I notice that my system was missing libcurl library. These days I run mostly ubuntu/debian based systems so if you run on the same problem the solution is the following:

   1: apt-get install libcurl4-gnutls-dev

After installing the missing library ./configure , make and make install on the binwalk package completed with no issue.


Searching on Google I found the firmware and downloaded it on my system. Initially the provided package is zip compressed with the name SAGEM_1500WG_ROHS_Firmware_3_0_6.zip.



   1: root@system:~/firmware# l
   2: total 1436
   3: drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 2011-08-16 12:14 ./
   4: drwxr-xr-x 54 root root    4096 2011-08-16 12:13 ../
   5: -rw-r--r--  1 root root 1457477 2011-08-16 12:14 SAGEM_1500WG_ROHS_Firmware_3_0_6.zip
   6: root@system:~/firmware# unzip SAGEM_1500WG_ROHS_Firmware_3_0_6.zip 
   7: Archive:  SAGEM_1500WG_ROHS_Firmware_3_0_6.zip
   8:   inflating: 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin  
   9: user@system:~/firmware# file 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin 
  10: 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
  11: user@system:~/firmware# 

“file” command identifies “1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin” as zip compressed file. At this point my first action was just to try and unzip it,



   1: root@system:~/firmware# unzip 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin 
   2: Archive:  1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin
   3: warning [1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin]:  1263616 extra bytes at beginning or within zipfile
   4:   (attempting to process anyway)
   5:   inflating: ar0700mp.bin            

So indeed, the file contains a compressed binary but there is also a warning saying that some extra bytes exist.


Another procedure to have a vague idea of the contents of the file can be achieved with the use of “strings” and “hexdump” commands.



   1: root@system:~/firmware# hexdump -C 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin > hex.dump
   2: root@system:~/firmware# strings -n 10 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin > strings.out


My first choice here is always to have a look at strings' output first and at this time, interestingly there were the followings:



   1: root@system:~/firmware# more strings.out 
   2: soho.binUT
   3: [3>z~&@71~
   4: j&H[3Azn&D7dB
   5: uPb)(]cC1f
   6: fmp/[(|!Vi}
   7: Z`?EU:f$q9
   8: Cao52io58:
   9: ?a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{>a{
  10: >=0Ubg}n !
  11: . ^NFt[Ge,
  12: J](7edW)^wq/C
  13: i^'4,_$*5,/ X
  14: f*|OeJ}Of|
  15: )y~Z?/+y~N?//y~^?
  16: mx2Et"Et"Et"Et"Et"
  17: =r;AW@n'1or=]1
  18: Fk?Ok?Ok?Ok?Ok
  19: H2]I2]I2]I2]I2]I2]I2]I
  20: e^7>Cb?8RF
  21: /C~n.u^F.y^
  22: (*:v#pZr;73
  23: }VF9ge%bkk
  24: p,i=?|/YNO
  25: Pe./QFWeVW
  26: qjdedJxEjD
  27: a|:eT1Qn:=<
  28: 42mX<bc`Y!
  29: ,9m\LX2MK2M
  30: Dv44>H7AyNW
  31: mKtnX2]&5~}
  32: !-`$p<xZ>3
  33: %fW]={vMMm
  34: qiS`E`Y`I`Q
  35: soho.binUT
  36: pfs.imgUT
  37: Z*DF<@%#yi
  38: oWEGb1WLF_SX
  39: Dd8VpbAV#q
  40: pfs-en.imgUT
  41: HWA/=wXU?>
  42: 1h-e&W^s~E
  43: EZfWaEcP+8*
  44: .!cnGC|Ck`|
  45: {'6tWUWwWWW
  46: O<{>){h)9*
  47: pfs-en.imgUT
  48: pfs-fr.imgUT
  49: ]Fmq~iascqY
  50: tm}}vqmAr-
  51: >>y1    zLN3J]
  52: $Lo(I^FIVs
  53: \T+uhMk7(=
  54: Z6|<kdMpVr
  55: eYn*ps[pYV\
  56: 3Ol?]sll&GXb
  57: n%hxMKGK7.
  58: pfs-fr.imgUT
  59: ar0700mp.bin
  60: W>~E>{to'=yr
  61: ?BUUnX/Lqj
  62: jXF?W8o50o
  63: ar0700mp.binPK


As we can see form the strings’ output we have some file names showing up, soho.bin, pfs.img, pfs-en.img, pfs-fr.img and ar0700mp.bin.



   1: root@system:~/firmware# binwalk 1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin 
   2:  
   3: DECIMAL         HEX             DESCRIPTION
   4: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   5: 0               0x0             Zip archive data,  at least v2.0 to extract
   6: 951296          0xE8400         Zip archive data,  at least v2.0 to extract
   7: 977920          0xEEC00         Zip archive data,  at least v2.0 to extract
   8: 1115136         0x110400        Zip archive data,  at least v2.0 to extract
   9: 1263616         0x134800        Zip archive data,  at least v2.0 to extract


We can see that binwalk identified 5 different archives and we have from strings 5 different filenames. Proceeding with extracting the files, “dd” command to the rescue,



   1: root@system:~/firmware# dd if=1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin bs=1 skip=0 count=951296 of=first.zip        
   2: 951296+0 records in
   3: 951296+0 records out
   4: 951296 bytes (951 kB) copied, 4.68149 s, 203 kB/s

5: root@system:~/firmware# file first.zip

   6: first.zip: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract
   7: root@system:~/firmware# unzip first.zip 
   8: Archive:  first.zip
   9:   inflating: soho.bin                
  10: root@system:~/firmware# dd if=1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin bs=1 skip=951296 count=26624 of=second.zip
  11: 26624+0 records in
  12: 26624+0 records out
  13: 26624 bytes (27 kB) copied, 0.0675911 s, 394 kB/s
  14: root@system:~/firmware# unzip second.zip 
  15: Archive:  second.zip
  16:   inflating: pfs.img
  17: root@system:~/firmware# dd if=1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin bs=1 skip=977920 count=137216 of=third.zip 
  18: 137216+0 records in
  19: 137216+0 records out
  20: 137216 bytes (137 kB) copied, 3.63918 s, 37.7 kB/s
  21: root@system:~/firmware# unzip third.zip 
  22: Archive:  third.zip
  23:   inflating: pfs-en.img             
  24: root@system:~/firmware# dd if=1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin bs=1 skip=1115136 count=148480 of=forth.zip       
  25: 148480+0 records in
  26: 148480+0 records out
  27: 148480 bytes (148 kB) copied, 2.04028 s, 72.8 kB/s
  28: root@system:~/firmware# unzip forth.zip 
  29: Archive:  forth.zip
  30:   inflating: pfs-fr.img
  31: root@system:~/firmware# dd if=1500WG_SP_FW3_0_6_c.bin bs=1 skip=1263616 of=fifth.zip                     
  32: 200714+0 records in
  33: 200714+0 records out
  34: 200714 bytes (201 kB) copied, 2.235 s, 89.8 kB/s
  35: root@system:~/firmware# unzip fifth.zip
  36: unzip fifth.zip 
  37: Archive:  fifth.zip
  38:   inflating: ar0700mp.bin                                 


How to find how many bytes you actually need to extract each time? It’s easy, just subtract the decimal places of the starting positions from the sections, eg.


First position is until from 0 to 951296, the second file length exists between (third – second position) 977920 – 951296 = 26624 bytes.


Starting with the pfs files I went ahead identifying them with binwalk eg,


binwalk pfs.img  gave the following results:



   1: DECIMAL         HEX             DESCRIPTION
   2: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   3: 0               0x0             PFS filesystem, version .9, 37377 files

I had no prior knowledge of the PFS filesystem and I went ahead with Google search. Initial search results were no good, seems that “PFS filesystem” stands for many things like Professional File System, Playstation File system etc. Checking at the header of the file I notice the magic number



   1: root@system:~/firmware# hexdump -C -n 8 pfs.img   
   2: 00000000  50 46 53 2f 30 2e 39 00                           |PFS/0.9.|
   3: 00000008

and I went ahead with a new search on PFS/0.9. The second result is for a file decoder from Domen Puncer ( http://cba.si/pfs/ ) for PFS/0.9 files and as described on README ( http://cba.si/pfs/_README ) “ Contents of those files are just HTML pages and images,
they also contain .EXE files, sized 0 bytes. “


I grabbed a copy of http://cba.si/pfs/pfs.c, and compiled the file using gcc –o pfs pfs.c, the result was the binary that I needed and as promised the contents of my pfs.img file were extracted.


 



   1: root@system:~/firmware# ./pfs < pfs.img 
   2: sig:    PFS/0.9
   3: wtf1:   0x00000000
   4: wtf2:   0x0000
   5: entries: 402
   6: detected path length of 40 bytes
   7: www\cgi-bin\7804WBRa_backup.bin     ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
   8: www\cgi-bin\aadsl.exe               ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
   9: www\cgi-bin\ac_control.exe          ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  10: www\cgi-bin\add_cur_mac.exe         ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  11: www\cgi-bin\admz.exe                ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  12: www\cgi-bin\aoaccadd.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  13: www\cgi-bin\aoaccdel.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  14: www\cgi-bin\aoschadd.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  15: www\cgi-bin\aoschdel.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  16: www\cgi-bin\aportadd.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  17: www\cgi-bin\aportdel.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  18: www\cgi-bin\aportfd.exe             ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  19: www\cgi-bin\arip.exe                ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  20: www\cgi-bin\aroute.exe              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  21: www\cgi-bin\ArouteNew.exe           ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  22: www\cgi-bin\asec.exe                ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  23: www\cgi-bin\atmpvc.exe              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  24: www\cgi-bin\aurlbk.exe              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  25: www\cgi-bin\backup.bin              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  26: www\cgi-bin\backup_config.exe       ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  27: www\cgi-bin\backup_log.exe          ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  28: www\cgi-bin\badsl.exe               ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  29: www\cgi-bin\Batmint.exe             ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  30: www\cgi-bin\bcable.exe              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  31: www\cgi-bin\bdhcp.exe               ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  32: www\cgi-bin\Bisp.exe                ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  33: www\cgi-bin\bwtype.exe              ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  34: www\cgi-bin\changef.exe             ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  35: www\cgi-bin\clientfilter.exe        ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  36: www\cgi-bin\clMac.exe               ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  37: www\cgi-bin\config                  ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  38: www\cgi-bin\engineer.exe            ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  39: www\cgi-bin\firewall_SPI.exe        ?1:0xac514eca offset: 0     size: 0
  40: www\cgi-bin\fire_eb.exe             ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  41: www\cgi-bin\hacker_prevention.exe   ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  42: www\cgi-bin\hw_opt.cgi              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  43: www\cgi-bin\ipsec-sa.exe            ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  44: www\cgi-bin\ipsec_clrplcy.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  45: www\cgi-bin\ipsec_connect.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  46: www\cgi-bin\IPSEC_EB.EXE            ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  47: www\cgi-bin\ipsec_submit_sp.exe     ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  48: www\cgi-bin\log                     ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  49: www\cgi-bin\logfile.log             ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  50: www\cgi-bin\login.exe               ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  51: www\cgi-bin\logout.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  52: www\cgi-bin\macac_control.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  53: www\cgi-bin\nat_eb.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  54: www\cgi-bin\nat_show.exe            ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  55: www\cgi-bin\nat_sp.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  56: www\cgi-bin\ntp_setting.exe         ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  57: www\cgi-bin\pptp.exe                ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  58: www\cgi-bin\pptp_c.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  59: www\cgi-bin\pptp_s.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  60: www\cgi-bin\pptp_tunnel.exe         ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  61: www\cgi-bin\production.exe          ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  62: www\cgi-bin\qadd_cur_mac.exe        ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  63: www\cgi-bin\qBatmint.exe            ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  64: www\cgi-bin\qos_delcls.exe          ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  65: www\cgi-bin\qos_eb.exe              ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  66: www\cgi-bin\qos_mvcls.exe           ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  67: www\cgi-bin\qos_submit_bw.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  68: www\cgi-bin\qos_submit_cls.exe      ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  69: www\cgi-bin\qs1.exe                 ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  70: www\cgi-bin\qs2.exe                 ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  71: www\cgi-bin\qs2_.exe                ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  72: www\cgi-bin\qs3.exe                 ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  73: www\cgi-bin\Qs5.exe                 ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  74: www\cgi-bin\qs6.exe                 ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  75: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_cable.exe        ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  76: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_cable1.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  77: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_time.exe         ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  78: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_wan_bigpond.exe  ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  79: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_wan_fix.exe      ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  80: www\cgi-bin\qsetup_wan_pppoe.exe    ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  81: www\cgi-bin\qstatusprocess.exe      ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  82: www\cgi-bin\qwireless_f.exe         ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  83: www\cgi-bin\qwireless_ssid.exe      ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  84: www\cgi-bin\qwireless_wep.exe       ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  85: www\cgi-bin\restart.exe             ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  86: www\cgi-bin\restore.exe             ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  87: www\cgi-bin\setup_clientfilter.exe  ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  88: www\cgi-bin\setup_config_data.exe   ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  89: www\cgi-bin\setup_ddns.exe          ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  90: www\cgi-bin\setup_dmz.exe           ?1:0xac514ecb offset: 0     size: 0
  91: www\cgi-bin\setup_dns.exe           ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  92: www\cgi-bin\setup_firewall.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  93: www\cgi-bin\setup_fix_pat.exe       ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  94: www\cgi-bin\setup_lan.exe           ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  95: www\cgi-bin\setup_misc.exe          ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  96: www\cgi-bin\setup_nat_show.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  97: www\cgi-bin\setup_pass.exe          ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  98: www\cgi-bin\setup_remote_mgmt.exe   ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
  99: www\cgi-bin\setup_sch.exe           ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 100: www\cgi-bin\setup_snmp.exe          ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 101: www\cgi-bin\setup_specialapps.exe   ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 102: www\cgi-bin\setup_time.exe          ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 103: www\cgi-bin\setup_virtualserver.exe ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 104: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan.exe           ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 105: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_bigpond.exe   ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 106: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_bridge.exe    ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 107: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_dhcp.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 108: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_fix.exe       ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 109: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_modem.exe     ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 110: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_pppoe.exe     ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 111: www\cgi-bin\setup_wan_pptp.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 112: www\cgi-bin\snmp_all.exe            ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 113: www\cgi-bin\snmp_community.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 114: www\cgi-bin\snmp_trap.exe           ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 115: www\cgi-bin\snrboot.exe             ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 116: www\cgi-bin\status.exe              ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 117: www\cgi-bin\statusprocess.exe       ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 118: www\cgi-bin\switch_vlan_add.exe     ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 119: www\cgi-bin\switch_vlan_delete.exe  ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 120: www\cgi-bin\system_syslog_scr.exe   ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 121: www\cgi-bin\tdhcp.exe               ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 122: www\cgi-bin\tiny_del.exe            ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 123: www\cgi-bin\tlog.exe                ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 124: www\cgi-bin\tmailtst.exe            ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 125: www\cgi-bin\tpppoe.exe              ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 126: www\cgi-bin\tr69_setup.cgi          ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 127: www\cgi-bin\trenewip.exe            ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 128: www\cgi-bin\tswup.exe               ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 129: www\cgi-bin\tswupst.exe             ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 130: www\cgi-bin\upgrade.exe             ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 131: www\cgi-bin\upgrade_config.exe      ?1:0xac514ecc offset: 0     size: 0
 132: www\cgi-bin\upgrade_firm_browse.exe ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 133: www\cgi-bin\upnp_eb.exe             ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 134: www\cgi-bin\wireless.exe            ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 135: www\cgi-bin\wireless1X.exe          ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 136: www\cgi-bin\wireless_country.exe    ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 137: www\cgi-bin\wireless_e.exe          ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 138: www\cgi-bin\wireless_eb.exe         ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 139: www\cgi-bin\wireless_eb_burst.exe   ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 140: www\cgi-bin\wireless_f.exe          ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 141: www\cgi-bin\wireless_info.exe       ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 142: www\cgi-bin\wireless_ssid.exe       ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 143: www\cgi-bin\wireless_wep.exe        ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 144: www\cgi-bin\wireless_wpa.exe        ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 145: www\cgi-bin\wiretype.exe            ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
 146: www\cgi-bin\wsetup_wan_pptp.exe     ?1:0xac514ecd offset: 0     size: 0
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As for the other 2 files, soho.bin and ar0700mp.bin, the first is the kernel of our system and the second is the ATM driver ( https://dev.openwrt.org/browser/trunk/package/ar7-atm/ ).

6 comments:

  1. Thanks a lot for a quite informative post. I too am trying to reverse Eng some FW bundles. My binwalk uncovered a PFS as below:

    2283799 0x22D917 PFS filesystem, version NTFS Partition, 26996 files

    This seems to be different to your .9 version. Any tools that you're aware of to inflate this PFS/NTFS chunk?

    ReplyDelete
  2. Of course, a really interesting post, many thanks !

    I would like to know if there would be a way to "explore" blindly the content of a binary file ?I followed each steps of your post, and I have now one binary file containing the data I would like to modify (by adding just a program). I wonder how to go further now ... Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated !

    Thanks in advance,
    Jean

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi Jean the data that you have should be either a filesystem that you can simply mount, or a compressed archive that you can just extract.

      Delete
  3. What can i do if couldn't find any archive file. So what will be the next step for it? Or is there any other option to make different archive files for firmware which i am using..

    ReplyDelete
  4. how to rebuild the firmware files by using bin walk??

    ReplyDelete
  5. Google "Firmware Mod Kit" to mod firmware. Binwalk is more for reverse engineering.

    ReplyDelete